Crafting Cinematic Magic: Unraveling the Depths of Virtual Production Content

The Multi-Dimensional Playground: 2D, 2.5D, 3D, and xR Explained

In this article, we delve into the world of 2D, 2.5D, 3D, and xR production techniques. Learn about the differences, benefits, use cases, and considerations between the different types of content for your next virtual production. 

2D Plates:

In the realm of film production, the magic often begins with the simplest forms. In terms of virtual production, this is where 2D-rendered plates come in. 

What it is:

2D workflows use static images or video plates and are primarily used for compositions with distant backgrounds. These plates, often crafted using on-site photography or videography and assembled in tools like Photoshop, After Effects, and Adobe Premiere, serve as backdrops within virtual productions.

When to use 2D Plates:

Ideal for subtle camera motions and broad landscapes, 2D shines in simplicity. When flexibility, real-time changes, and depth of scene aren't paramount, 2D is a cost-effective and time-saving choice. Camera tracking hardware is not required, because parallax, the effect in which the position or direction of an object appears to change when viewed from different positions, is not achievable with this workflow. 

What it’s mainly used for:

Currently, this workflow is popular for car shoots, commercials, and music videos due to speed and budgetary considerations.

Considerations using this workflow:  

While this workflow offers a streamlined and familiar approach, opting for traditional 2D flat visuals in virtual production brings forth its own set of considerations. In addition to lacking the depth and three-dimensional realism associated with other workflows, the content in 2D is already "baked in", hindering the ability to make quick real-time adjustments on-set. Fixed in perspective and without parallax, 2D techniques mostly work for shots with minimal camera motion. The process often includes meticulous back-and-forth design iterations to ensure the digital 2D backplate matches the look and feel of the live actors and props in the scene.

2.5D Workflows:

The 2.5D workflow stems originally from the traditional animation process of a multiplane camera. One of the pioneers using this multilayer process was Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, who used this technique before modern CGI techniques were introduced. In virtual production, this technique adds a layer of depth to traditional 2D environments, creating a pseudo-3D effect that enhances visual storytelling.

What it is:

Unlike 2D plates, 2.5D offers a hint of dimensionality without the full complexity of real-time 3D environments. A 2.5D workflow, often regarded as the bridge between 2D and 3D, involves layering multiple 2D images with alpha channels (aka transparency) to create an illusion of depth. Due to the layering of the multiple images, parallax is introduced as the camera moves, infusing a subtle dynamic movement. 

When to use 2.5D content:

2.5D content comes to life in scenes that demand a touch of depth, where the environment isn't static but doesn't require the immersive capabilities of full 3D. When camera motions are relatively subtle, and objects in the midground remain distant from the foreground, 2.5D thrives. It's a good choice for enhancing visual storytelling without overwhelming the narrative with intricate details.

What it’s mainly used for:

2.5D content offers a dynamic yet controlled depth for virtual production. This technique becomes invaluable when parallax is desired, creating a sense of movement and realism. From animated tales to advertisements and music videos, 2.5D elevates storytelling by striking a delicate balance between simplicity and depth. 

Considerations using this workflow:  

While 2.5D unlocks a captivating visual dimension, it comes with its own set of considerations. Artists need to pay meticulous attention to layering and compositing, as the technique's success hinges on the seamless integration of these elements. Moreover, given its more labor-intensive nature, the on-site process tends to be slower with 2.5D workflows. However, with an efficient team of designers, the speed of the pre-production workflow can be maintained. Content changes might require additional time and effort, making careful planning and execution essential for a smooth production process.

3D real-time content: 

In the exhilarating realm where imagination takes shape in three dimensions, the art of cinematic production reaches new heights with the dynamic 3D workflow. A playground of virtual environments and immersive storytelling, this technique transforms mere pixels into living, breathing worlds.  

What it is:

A 3D workflow ventures beyond the confines of two dimensions, creating fully immersive environments using real-time 3D programs like Unreal, Unity, and Notch. This approach crafts virtual worlds from three-dimensional objects, known as meshes or 3D models, allowing for dynamic camera movements, realistic lighting, and intricate visual details. Unlike static 2D or layered 2.5D, the 3D workflow thrives on interactivity and immersion. Camera tracking hardware is required for this workflow.

When to use 3D content:

3D workflows are best for scenes that demand a heightened level of realism, depth, and interactivity. It becomes indispensable in shots that feature dynamic camera movements, intricate backgrounds that require motion, backgrounds with objects that are closer to the camera, and scenarios where real-time adjustments are essential. The 3D approach excels in scenarios where parallax and perspective changes play a pivotal role in storytelling. 

What it’s mainly used for:

From crafting multiple locations with fluid parallax to infusing scenes with dynamic environmental effects, top virtual production companies use 3D real-time workflows extensively. There are many scenarios when a full 3D virtual production workflow can be the more efficient and budget-friendly option. Virtual production 3D workflows can recreate fantastical, otherworldly settings for science fiction or fantasy projects, creating breathtaking realms that transcend the limitations of reality. They can also be used to transport audiences into historical locations that no longer exist in the physical world or locations that are difficult or dangerous to access, such as the peak of Mount Everest or deep underwater trenches

Considerations using this workflow: 

While the 3D workflow opens the doors to boundless creativity, it requires a unique set of considerations. Artists must possess proficiency in real-time 3D content creation tools such as Unreal, Notch, Unity, and Touchdesigner. The workflow demands substantial computing power, making hardware considerations crucial. Additionally, real-time rendering introduces complexities in terms of balancing visual quality with performance, therefore it is paramount to optimize the content for a successful execution. A 3D workflow demands meticulous planning, a skilled team, and a robust infrastructure to bring the virtual vision to life.

Extended reality (xR) configurations:

Exploring the intersection of physical and digital realms, the xR workflow offers an immersive approach to content creation. This technique involves the synthesis of physical and virtual elements to construct narratives that seamlessly merge reality and simulation. Let’s explore its applications, while also examining the key factors that contribute to its significance within the landscape of virtual production.

What it is:

An xR workflow leverages augmented reality techniques to extend the virtual into the physical world. Where virtual production LED workflows are confined within the constraints of an LED Volume, extended reality production LED workflows expand beyond the LED canvas. Set extension is used to extend the virtual set beyond the LED stage using augmented reality graphics, blurring the boundary between the real world and the virtual. xR workflows can also use AR graphics as foreground elements in front of a person or object to create depth in the scene. The result is an immersive experience, choreographed with camera tracking precision. 

When to use xR:

The xR workflow is best used to expand or improve the depth of a virtual environment. Not everyone has the space or the means to build a 20,000 sq. ft. LED Volume. Fortunately, set extension enables creators with smaller LED stages to extend the virtual world limitlessly, allowing them to ingeniously broaden the canvas for virtual production. It can also be used for broadcasting live event settings where physical and digital settings within the live event are extended virtually through the camera. See our work on the Karate Combat series as an example. For extending content into the foreground, in front of an object or a person, augmented reality graphics are being used. Foreground AR graphics can improve the depth of the scene, they can be used as a visual presentation tool to illustrate talking points or be used to convey further information and stats.

What it’s mainly used for:

xR has found a niche as a versatile tool that revitalizes conventional stages. This approach is favored in corporate presentations, hybrid events, and broadcast productions, enhancing engagement by introducing captivating digital elements. In corporate settings, xR is used to present products and services in detail and apply them to their clients’ customized circumstances. In the broadcast arena, xR introduces dynamic environments that respond in real-time, enabling for example sports analysis and visualization as well as weather and disaster simulations to enhance interactive storytelling. Hybrid events benefit from xR’s capability to extend virtual environments beyond physical sets for an encompassing remote viewing experience.

Considerations using this workflow:  

Precision is crucial for a successful xR workflow. Camera tracking accuracy is imperative for seamless integration, ensuring virtual elements align flawlessly with real-world settings. Set extension and AR elements necessitate meticulous calibration to maintain the illusion of immersion. Additionally, hardware and software synchronization, coupled with real-time rendering and media servers, are essential for a cohesive xR experience.

Summary

From the simplicity of 2D plates to the nuanced depth of 2.5D workflows to those craving immersive 3D worlds offering a dynamic canvas, to the xR workflow that stands as a convergence of dimensions, where reality and imagination meld seamlessly: Just like with any production, you need the right tool for the job. 

With a toolbox that spans 2D, 2.5D, 3D, and xR workflows, we craft cinematic experiences that resonate deeply with audiences. With a firm grasp of these workflows, our team navigates the intricacies, enabling clients to unlock a world of potential where every frame tells a compelling story.